A Reflection On The Self Esteem - 1950 Words

2.6 Self-esteem: A positive self-view is a universal motivation (Sedikides, Gaertner and Toguchi, 2003), though studies report varying cross-cultural differences in self-esteem (e.g., Heine, Lehman, Markus and Kitayama, 1999). North American populations, influenced by cultural norms of independence, display strong needs (and desires) to view the self in a positive light and typically score above the theoretical mid-point on self-esteem scales (Baumeister, Tice and Hutton, 1989). Westerners tend to report ‘enlarged’ positive self-views (Taylor and Brown, 1988) or to engage in various self-protective mechanisms when faced with threats, or situations, that may affect their self-esteem (Steele, 1988). Americans engage in self-enhancement on attributes that emphasize positive aspects of their lives (Kitayama, Markus, Matsumoto and Norasakkunkit, 1997). These motivations are less prominent in collectivist societies (Vohs and Heatherton, 2001), which may possibly be due to people: favouring group-esteem over self-esteem, holding a dominant interdependent self-construal, making fewer self-serving attributions to protect their self-esteem (Schmitt and Allik, 2005) and lower compensatory self-protective attitudes (Brockner and Chen, 1996). Kitayama and Uchida (2003) further show that East Asians show less motivation to self-enhance than Westerners, and Japanese are more likely to engage in self-criticism, which helps them avoid future ill-perceived behaviour (Kitayama et al., 1997).Show MoreRelatedReflection On Self Esteem900 Words   |  4 PagesOvertime I learned quite a bit about myself through social comparison. Sometimes it positively affects my self-esteem and other times it affects in a negative way. We as individuals learn about self-concept, or what beliefs and values shape our personalities as we grow and develop through soci al comparison, or the act of comparing ourselves with those around us.My self-concept has largely been shaped by my experiences with my family culture school and certain other values and principles that bearRead MoreSelf Reflection : Self Esteem956 Words   |  4 PagesSelf-esteem is the comprehension of self-acknowledgement from the self and from others. Factors contributing to overall self-esteem includes; Self-worth, Self- tolerance and belief in oneself. (SOURCE4) Self-esteem is thought to begin as early as life and continue throughout existence with various changes as age progresses. (SOURCE#2) A sense of self-esteem outside of the norm can lead to problematic life occurrences. Both high and low self-perception can intervene with everyday life. People withRead MoreA Reflection On Self Esteem1054 Words   |  5 PagesSelf-esteem is a term used to describe how a person judges themselves in terms of being valued, accepted and worthy. This evaluation of one’s self is extr emely important as a child moves through each stage of development. It can determine a child’s future success or failure. A positive self-esteem allows one to make gains in achievement through hard work and effort. They are prone to accepting new challenges and working hard to attain a goal. If they fail, they learn from their mistakes and formRead MoreReflection Paper On Self Esteem1571 Words   |  7 PagesMy overall score from the quiz was a 53. According to the results I am on the higher end of the moderate self-esteem. I agree with the assessment, under the context that self-esteem is interchangeable with the concept of self worth. Worthiness, generally speaking, is a immensely broad subject that lends itself exclusively to ones mental fiber and is either bolstered or berated by societal influence. Under those terms, I agree with some reservations. In the way I have understood the reading and reflectRead MoreDifferences Between Mirror Gazing, Gender, And Self Esteem, Bo dy Dysmorphic Disorder976 Words   |  4 Pagesnot a female or male looked at his/her reflection at the reflective surface. The results of the study revealed that there were more females than males who had looked at their reflection. Females are more likely to have self-esteem issues and it is possible that these findings are because of this distinction. Excessive mirror gazing may also be a result of issues with body image, such as body dysmorphic disorder. Keywords: mirror gazing, gender, self-esteem, body dysmorphic disorder â€Æ' IntroductionRead MorePersonal Reflection Paper1149 Words   |  5 PagesPersonal Reflection Paper Chris Sanchez January 5, 2011 Psychology 400 David Lagerson Personal Reflection paper Self and the concept of self is an interesting topic to many including, psychologist sociologist, philosophers and countless others trying to define the idea of self and what it means to each individual. Every individual has a different idea and thought about self and how self makes up their entire being. Self is made of the human’s own biology his or her cognitive processRead MorePersonal Reflections on the Self1680 Words   |  7 PagesPersonal Reflection on The Self Paper Marjorie Neal University of Phoenix CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY: I  certify that  the attached  paper is my original work and has not previously been submitted by me or anyone else for any class.  I further declare I have cited all sources from which I used  language, ideas, and information,  whether quoted  verbatim or paraphrased, and that any assistance of any kind, which I received while producing this paper, has been acknowledged in the References sectionRead MoreDefining the Concept of Self Essay1189 Words   |  5 Pageswe stand for. Self-reflection can be conveyed in many different ways, using many different adjectives to describe the person we are. There are some who will give an honest description of one’s self and then there is some who become delusional with the perception they want others to see. Most people on social sites create a profile which can be so far from whom they really are, it is usually a perception of who they want to be. This paper will define the self, the concept of t he self, the functionsRead MoreThe Self Esteem Of Adolescent Females Through Delving Into And Reconnoitering Essay1587 Words   |  7 Pagesfeelings we hold about ourselves involves self-esteem (Myers, Willse, Villalba, 2011). Challenging boundaries, discovering our beliefs and values, and exploring who we are as people starts in adolescence (Arnett, 2013). Usually personality and self-esteem conflict is often challenged at an increased rate in females in the midst of this period of transition (McNeely Blanchard, 2010). By definition we are designing a group proposal to develop and expand the self-esteem in adolescent females through delvingRead MoreSelf Esteem And Self Image1603 Words   |  7 Pagesdiscussing issues relating to self-esteem and self-image. I would like to consciously bring some well needed positivity to the group. Additionally, over the last week I have been working on a paper with which I need to take a nonfictional person [Elliott Smith] and create a biopsychosocial, diagnostic and clinical assessments and apply counseling theory approaches to that individual s life. In fact. I will be using one of his songs to demonstrate examples of low self-esteem. The majority of the 102

The Mythology of Crime and Criminal Justice Contributing...

The Mythology of Crime and Criminal Justice: Contributing Factors Of Crime Crime is defined as: commission of an act or act of omission that violates the law and is punishable by the state. Crimes are considered injurious to society and the community. As defined by law, a crime includes both the act, or actus rea, and the intent to commit the act, or mens rea. Criminal intent involves an intellectual apprehension of factual elements of the act or acts commanded or enjoined by the law. It is usually inferred from the apparently voluntary commission of an overt act. Criminal liability is relieved in the case of insanity. Legal minors are also relieved of criminal liability, as are persons subjected to coercion or duress to such a†¦show more content†¦Chapter 2 also makes reference to race and crime. There has been wide speculation that most crimes as committed by minorities against whites in the United States. However, the Bureau of Justice Statistics has documented several crimes that make this assumption void. For example, seventy-five percent of white crime victims are victimized by whites, and eighty-five percent of black victims are victimized by blacks. This is contrary to the popular coverage that most media gives Americans. The authors note that most crime covered by Americans tabloids show such crimes as young African American men shooting white tourists at rest stops, gang attacks on innocent civilians in the cities, and attacks against minority youth appeal. All in all, the victims are the same race as the offenders in 80% of all violent crimes. The last topic discussed in The Mythology of Crime and Criminal Justice is crime and perception. When most people are asked to imagine a crime, they tend to think of violent crime (i.e., murder, arson, robbery). One must realize that shoplifting, slander, even jaywalking is considered a crime in theShow MoreRelatedGlobalization Sample Questions7882 Words   |  32 Pageslooking at four dimensions of globalization. Which of the following is not one of these four? a. Economic b. Cultural c. Educational d. Political 2. Which of the following is geographically part of the south, but in economic and globalization terms is usually considered to be part of the global ‘North’? a. Singapore b. South Africa c. Brazil d. The Philippines 3. In this class what is being referred to in the following a definition: â€Å"a relatively new termRead MoreRastafarian79520 Words   |  319 Pagesat the table of acceptability; and how, starting out as denigrated outcasts, they have over the last forty years of the twentieth century become the dominant force in the evolution of popular culture in Jamaica. In this book, I will analyze the factors responsible for the entrenchment of Rastafari in Jamaican society. My use of entrenchment3 is synonymous with routinization,4 a term used by Max Weber to signify the process by which an emergent charismatic movement institutionalizes itself and

Rabbit Proof Fence Essay Example For Students

Rabbit Proof Fence Essay In Australia, from 1883 (when the Aborigines Protection Board was established) and, unbelievably, right up to 1969 (when the Aborigines Welfare Board was abolished) an estimated 1 in 10 of all Aboriginal children were forcibly removed from their families in an effort to civilize them by assimilation into European society and culture. As most Australians now know, successive Government authorities assumed legal guardianship of all Indigenous children and removed approximately 100,000 part-Aboriginal children from their parents and placed them with white Australian families, or in institutional care. Often they were abused, or used as domestic servants, or simply placed in homes against their will. The Stolen Generation destroyed numerous Aborigines’ lives. The damage done to them has not been redeemed, after many years. The film, Rabbit Proof Fence communicates and connects deeply with the viewers’ knowledge, response and feelings deeply towards the injustice of the Stolen Generation. Rabbit Proof Fence, sympathises the viewer with the Aborigines, sharing the atmosphere of hopeless, powerlessness and loss, bringing out its significance in its message. The power of sympathy, kinship, bonds and injustice were used throughout the film to bias the viewers. Rabbit Proof Fence focuses on many of these techniques repeatedly to highlight this, including suitable background music, camera angles, symbolic, realism and audio codes. The most dramatic scene which biases most viewers was the scene when Constable Riggs seized 3 innocent half-caste girls off their unwilling relatives under the permission of a legal document. Already, this sort of action carried out in this part screams out ‘injustice’ to the audiences’ response. However, there were many more techniques in this scene which captures the audience’s sympathy and encourage hope for the half-caste girls to escape and arrive back into the arms of true freedom and happiness, and the security of their family. The film is set in Australia in the 1930s, and begins in a remote town of Jingalong where 3 children, sisters Molly Craig and Daisy Kadibil, lived contented and satisfactorily with their mother, grandmother and cousin Gracie Fields. The town lies along the northern part of Australia’s rabbit proof fence, which runs on for thousands of miles. After A. O. Neville, the chief protector of Aborigines who â€Å"had permission to remove any half-caste children in WA†, signs an order to re-locate the 3 half-caste girls to the re-education camp, the children are forcibly taken from their families. This scene had used many techniques to capture the attention and sympathy from the audiences. A surprisingly quiet and peaceful long shot over the ‘Jingalong Depot’ where Molly and her relatives were calm, socializing and buying things turned into an intense, nail-biting, frantic and shaky camera scene which provided a sense of realism when the powerless and frail family tried to escape the powerful hands of Constable Riggs. The soundtrack of the shouting and screaming of the Molly’s family and the sound of Constable Riggs’ car became dominant to show that it was a ‘battle’ between injustice and freedom. A close up was shown inside Constable Riggs’ car, and a panning as Molly’s family ran, showing the car gaining them, which is a sign of the family’s vulnerability and no hope of escaping. An extreme close-up was focused on Constable Riggs’ face to show determination, grim, and even anxious, maybe even to get this over with. As Constable Riggs’ car finally caught up with Molly’s family, Maude, Molly’s mother, held protectively over her children, a high angle camera shot was established to show the weak, vulnerability and a lack of protection Maude had over the children. A low angle shot was also established on Constable Riggs, which determines he has more power, authority and definitely more stamina than Maude and the family. A medium shot was shown as Constable Riggs holds the legal document above him, an act of authority, and waving the piece of paper at Maude, claiming that it was the law and that he had the rights and permission to remove the children. The document is also symbolic code, and symbolizes injustice and empower over all Aborigines. .u52d3786f3069bb8ba79ea9d80e2cf5b3 , .u52d3786f3069bb8ba79ea9d80e2cf5b3 .postImageUrl , .u52d3786f3069bb8ba79ea9d80e2cf5b3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u52d3786f3069bb8ba79ea9d80e2cf5b3 , .u52d3786f3069bb8ba79ea9d80e2cf5b3:hover , .u52d3786f3069bb8ba79ea9d80e2cf5b3:visited , .u52d3786f3069bb8ba79ea9d80e2cf5b3:active { border:0!important; } .u52d3786f3069bb8ba79ea9d80e2cf5b3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u52d3786f3069bb8ba79ea9d80e2cf5b3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u52d3786f3069bb8ba79ea9d80e2cf5b3:active , .u52d3786f3069bb8ba79ea9d80e2cf5b3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u52d3786f3069bb8ba79ea9d80e2cf5b3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u52d3786f3069bb8ba79ea9d80e2cf5b3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u52d3786f3069bb8ba79ea9d80e2cf5b3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u52d3786f3069bb8ba79ea9d80e2cf5b3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u52d3786f3069bb8ba79ea9d80e2cf5b3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u52d3786f3069bb8ba79ea9d80e2cf5b3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u52d3786f3069bb8ba79ea9d80e2cf5b3 .u52d3786f3069bb8ba79ea9d80e2cf5b3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u52d3786f3069bb8ba79ea9d80e2cf5b3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Visual Arts - Andy Goldsworthy EssayAn extreme close up focuses briefly on Constable Riggs’ face where he took a deep breath before seizing the traumatized Gracie, which is a sign that he, is perhaps anxious and didn’t really want to remove these children from their families and convincing himself that he was only doing his job. Riggs seemed ‘detached’ as he hastily removed the children from Maude, and a medium shot was focused to show how he roughly handled the children. Discrimination and disrespect against Aborigines were clearly shown when Constable Riggs rudely took the stick from Molly’s grandmother, her feeble grandmother’s only weapon and disrespected an elder, and stated rudely â€Å"Nothing you could do here, old girl. †. Disrespect towards white elders doesn’t normally occur in a white’s society. As the children were helplessly banging on the windows of the car, which seemed like a barrier between themselves and their family and the music intensifies, and this captures an audience’s sympathy and creates a negative image towards A. O. Neville and Constable Riggs who are actually good people in a bad position in the film. A. O. Neville and Constable Riggs are only believing they are doing the right thing by removing half-caste children from their Aboriginal families because in A. O. Neville’s theory, Aborigines endanger themselves and their half-caste children so their children must be removed from their family and full-blooded Aborigines must be bred out of existence to avoid an ‘unwanted’ 3rd race. Rabbit Proof Fence expresses many of the values and attitudes regarding respect and dignity towards the Indigenous, and had a strong and clear message about commonality. Everyone is the same when it comes to love and in the dependence of parents and children. Although A. O. Neville only wanted to ‘help’ advance a half-caste status to a white’s status, he did not know how badly those few minutes impacted on the Aboriginal parent’s lives. Aborigines are no worse than white parents as long as their children are healthy and happy and even when the children are taken from their parents to the Moore River Camp and trained to be servants for the whites, they cannot experience the full benefits until they are fully white. The whites were selfish and wanted to take advantages from Aborigines as their slaves. For a century, resisted and suffered the invasion of their lands by white settlers.

Prison Inmates, Are Some Of The Most maladjusted People In Society. E

Prison inmates, are some of the most ?maladjusted? people in society. Most of the inmates have had too little discipline or too much, come from broken homes, and have no self-esteem. They are very insecure and are ?at war with themselves as well as with society? (Szumski 20). Most inmates did not learn moral values or learn to follow everyday norms. Also, when most lawbreakers are labeled criminals they enter the phase of secondary deviance. They will admit they are criminals or believe it when they enter the phase of secondary deviance (Doob 171). Next, some believe that if we want to rehabilitate criminals we must do more than just send them to prison. For instance, we could give them a chance to acquire job skills; which will improve the chances that inmates will become productive citizens upon release. The programs must aim to change those who want to change. Those who are taught to produce useful goods and to be productive are ?likely to develop the self-esteem essential to a no rmal, integrated personality? (Szumski 21). This kind of program would provide skills and habits and ?replace the sense of hopelessness? that many inmates have (Szumski 21). Moreover, another technique used to rehabilitate criminals is counseling. There is two types of counseling in general, individual and group counseling. Individual counseling is much more costly than group counseling. The aim of group counseling is to develop positive peer pressure that will influence its members. One idea in many sociology text is that group problem-solving has definite advantages over individual problem-solving. The idea is that a wider variety of solutions can be derived by drawing from the experience of several people with different backgrounds. Also one individuals problem might have already been solved by another group member and can be suggested. Often if a peer proposes a solution it carries more weight than if the counselor were to suggest it (Bennett 20-24). Further, in sociology, one o f the major theories of delinquency is differential association (Cressey 1955). This means some people learned their ways from ?undesirable? people who they were forced to be in association with and that this association ?warps? their thinking and social attitudes. ?Group counseling, group interaction, and other kinds of group activities can provide a corrective, positive experience that might help to offset the earlier delinquent association? (Bennett 25). However, it is said that group counseling can do little to destroy the power of labeling (Bennett 26). The differential-association theory emphasizes that a person is more likely to become a criminal if the people who have the greatest influence upon them are criminals (Doob 169). Despite all the advantages of group [emailprotected] Most of today's correctional institutions lack the ability and programs to rehabilitate the criminals of America. One can predict that a prisoner held for two, four, eight or ten years, then released , still with no education or vocational skills will likely return to a life of crime. Often their life in crime will resume in weeks after their release. Although the best prisons and programs in the world will not cure the problem totally, improvements still must be made (Szumski 20). Prison inmates, are some of the most ?maladjusted? people in society. Most of the inmates have had too little discipline or too much, come from broken homes, and have no self-esteem. They are very insecure and are ?at war with themselves as well as with society? (Szumski 20). Most inmates did not learn moral values or learn to follow everyday norms. Also, when most lawbreakers are labeled criminals they enter the phase of secondary deviance. They will admit they are criminals or believe it when they enter the phase of secondary deviance (Doob 171). Next, some believe that if we want to rehabilitate criminals we must do more than just send them to prison. For instance, we could give them a chance to ac quire job skills; which will improve the chances that inmates will become productive citizens upon release. The programs must aim to change those who want to change. Those who are taught to produce useful goods and to be productive are ?likely to develop the self-esteem essential to a normal, integrated personality? (Szumski

The Issue of Constructive Discharge

The memorandum is written to present the requested information on the issue of constructive discharge. The purpose of this memo is to analyze the information presented in the article â€Å"Do I Have a Case for Constructive Discharge?† by John Gallagher and discuss the importance of the article’s content in relation to the problem of constructive discharge and staff turnover at the workplace.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Issue of Constructive Discharge specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Constructive discharge claims can become real challenges for employers because of accusing them in supporting the hostile work environment and performing illegal actions. From this point, it is important to determine the conditions according to which discharge claims can be discussed as constructive in order to prevent performing illegal actions and the staff turnover. After analyzing the current researches, stu dies, and legal norms on the issue, it is necessary to pay attention to the article â€Å"Do I Have a Case for Constructive Discharge?† by John Gallagher in which the author discusses the associated employment law issues. The article was found while examining the Internet resources on the issue related to the problem of constructive discharge claims and hostile workplace environment. Many helpful resources were found in the library LexisNexis, the section of Labor and Employment Law. The article by Gallagher was chosen for the discussion because of providing the definition of the hostile work environment and aspects according to which employees have the right to demand the constructive discharge. In his article, the author provides the legal definition of a hostile work environment with references to the actions and situations which can be discussed as hostile in relation to employees. To define a work environment as hostile, it is necessary to state the episodes of sexual ha rassment against employees and occasions of discrimination based on race, age, gender, nationality, and religious views. This definition emphasizes the importance for employers to review the workplace policies to ensure that they are reasonable and legally acceptable in order to avoid the issues of discrimination which can lead to constructive discharge (Gallagher par. 3). Thus, various kinds of discrimination at the workplace are prohibited under the employment laws. Experiencing any type of discrimination, an employee can focus on realizing the constructive discharge.  The situations when employees can be treated unfairly are also connected with the open violation of such laws as the Family and Medical Leave Act and the Americans with Disabilities Act as well as the whistleblower statute (Gallagher par. 4).Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Employees’ rights are pr otected according to these laws. However, different states provide additional statutes to cover other legal issues connected with the problem of employment.  Gallagher concentrates on the fact which is important to be learned by employers and employees that unfair treatment and immoral treatment leading to constructive discharge includes only above-mentioned points. Thus, many problems in interactions between employees and their bosses and co-workers which can be discussed as immoral cannot lead to constructive discharge because these issues are based on the aspects of communication or cooperation without references to discrimination, racism, or violating the laws. The author states that there should be a substantial claim associated with the hostile work environment or work conditions which prevent employees from working effectively (Gallagher par. 5). It is necessary to accentuate the difference between the intolerable and hostile work environment and interactions between the co lleagues (Gallagher par. 8). The problem is in the fact that the laws do not provide the necessary protection for people who can suffer from the intolerable work environment. Employees and managers should know the difference between the definitions of these kinds of behaviors. The information provided in the article is important for employers because the author presents the detailed list of scenarios which can lead to employees quitting jobs discussed as constructive discharge. Thus, much attention is paid to the problem of sexual harassment as an example of a hostile work environment. It is important to note that the roles of aggressors and managers are discussed equally while analyzing the case of sexual harassment. From this point, the task of the employer is to inform employees and managers about the issue of sexual harassment and possible consequences. The next scenario is associated with the case of discrimination. Employees have the right to claim for constructive discharge, if they experience discrimination according to definite aspects, characteristics, and disabilities. Employees should know the list of aspects which are discussed as violent and discriminating. Gallagher also pays attention to the fact that employees’ claims in relation to discrimination can lead to the managers’ negative reaction. Thus, the problem of an unlawful retaliation claim is also mentioned in the article (Gallagher par. 9). The most problematic category of the laws violations associated with constructive discharge is the violation of the employment laws and acts. Thus, the employer and manager’s mistreatment of an employee based on ignorance of the FMLA or other laws and statutes can lead to the reasonable, constructive discharge because creating the working conditions which are inappropriate according to the laws (Gallagher par. 9).Advertising We will write a custom report sample on The Issue of Constructive Discharge specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Employees should pay attention to the consequences of their claims. If they notice the changes in the employer’s attitude which are closely associated with discrimination or changes in duties, employees have the right for constructive discharge because of employers’ illegal actions and attempts to prevent employees from receiving the benefits guaranteed according to the law. One of the controversial aspects is a whistleblower complaint which is not met peacefully in many organizations, but which is discussed according to the legal norms (Gallagher par. 9). The provided list of scenarios should be carefully examined by employers, managers, and employees in order to predict and prevent the problematic situations and avoid the cases of constructive discharge. The article by John Gallagher is helpful to examine the problem of constructive discharge in detail and develop the effective policy because the author puts emphas is on the fact that the standards for acceptance of constructive discharge claims are high, and they are closely associated with the legal standards required to prove the existence of a hostile work environment. The information provided in the article can be successfully used to inform managers and employees about the necessary requirements for stating the fact of developing the hostile work environment. Moreover, it is important to inform employees that the information about any aspects discussed above as leading to constructive discharge should be shared with management in order to prevent the development of illegal issues. Employers should take into account the information provided in the article because it is based on the current employment laws. Claiming for constructive discharge, employees should realize the conditions according to which their claims can be considered as reasonable because of the complex character of the issue. Works Cited Gallagher, John. Do I Have a Case fo r Constructive Discharge? 10 Oct. 2011. Web. This report on The Issue of Constructive Discharge was written and submitted by user Stella Horne to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Discuss The Impact Of The Asian Financial Crisis Of 1997 On An Asian Country

Introduction Thesis: The Financial crisis that hit Hong Kong in July 1997 had significant economic impacts. Hong Kong has suffered severe problems, for example, impact on retail and banking sectors, negative economic growth, housing market, etc. Body 1. The impact on housing market 1a. High interest rates contribute to the recession Hong Kong is suffering, by raising the cost of expanding a business or buying an apartment with borrowed money. (Varona, 1998) 1b. The house prices have declined significantly since the outbreak of the Asian Financial Crisis. (Yse and Webb, 2004) 2. The disadvantage of currency board system 2a. The stable Hong Kong dollar value has further hurt economy. (Leung, 2004) 2b. Following two years of painful economic adjustment, Hong Kong is still struggling with deflation due to the depressed housing sector. (HSBC, 2000) 3. Impact on retail sector 3a. At least 10 companies have collapsed from June 1997 to May 1998. (Varona, 1998) 4. Impact on unemployment and income 4a. The unemployment rate for October inched up to nearly 3 percent and was expected to climb. (Yi, 1997) 4b. The income down around 7% since the outbreak of Financial Crisis. (Son, 2003) 5. Impact on banking sector 5a. The reasons for the backing sector various, for example, the risk in interest rates, reduced availability of funding to be borrowed in the market, etc. (Carse, 1998) 5b. The customers deposits has slowed down in line with the recession economy. (Carse, 1998) 6. The economy recovery 6a. People believe that the benefits arising from the Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement (CEPA) between Hong Kong and the China. (Caplan, 2004) 6b. Robust economic growth in the past months has given Hong Kong bright prospects for economic recovery. (Mao, 2004) 7. Lingering problem Despite some people say that the worst is over for the Asian Financial crisis, other predict that the worst is yet to come in Hong Kong. (Tse and Yip, 2... Free Essays on Discuss The Impact Of The Asian Financial Crisis Of 1997 On An Asian Country Free Essays on Discuss The Impact Of The Asian Financial Crisis Of 1997 On An Asian Country Introduction Thesis: The Financial crisis that hit Hong Kong in July 1997 had significant economic impacts. Hong Kong has suffered severe problems, for example, impact on retail and banking sectors, negative economic growth, housing market, etc. Body 1. The impact on housing market 1a. High interest rates contribute to the recession Hong Kong is suffering, by raising the cost of expanding a business or buying an apartment with borrowed money. (Varona, 1998) 1b. The house prices have declined significantly since the outbreak of the Asian Financial Crisis. (Yse and Webb, 2004) 2. The disadvantage of currency board system 2a. The stable Hong Kong dollar value has further hurt economy. (Leung, 2004) 2b. Following two years of painful economic adjustment, Hong Kong is still struggling with deflation due to the depressed housing sector. (HSBC, 2000) 3. Impact on retail sector 3a. At least 10 companies have collapsed from June 1997 to May 1998. (Varona, 1998) 4. Impact on unemployment and income 4a. The unemployment rate for October inched up to nearly 3 percent and was expected to climb. (Yi, 1997) 4b. The income down around 7% since the outbreak of Financial Crisis. (Son, 2003) 5. Impact on banking sector 5a. The reasons for the backing sector various, for example, the risk in interest rates, reduced availability of funding to be borrowed in the market, etc. (Carse, 1998) 5b. The customers deposits has slowed down in line with the recession economy. (Carse, 1998) 6. The economy recovery 6a. People believe that the benefits arising from the Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement (CEPA) between Hong Kong and the China. (Caplan, 2004) 6b. Robust economic growth in the past months has given Hong Kong bright prospects for economic recovery. (Mao, 2004) 7. Lingering problem Despite some people say that the worst is over for the Asian Financial crisis, other predict that the worst is yet to come in Hong Kong. (Tse and Yip, 2...

Cardiology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Cardiology - Essay Example He has shortness of breath, and the test pains are much worse. He is diagnosed with hyperlipidemia, hypertension, a smoker, obese, blood pressure and has uncontrollable diabetes, and can easily be attacked by a cardiovascular attack (MAYO, 2015). The patient needs to change his lifestyle, eat healthy foods with low fats and salts, and beverages with less sugar. He can increase the intake of food and beverages with high calcium, magnesium, protein, and magnesium. Maintaining healthy weight, quitting smoking and exercising not less than 30 minutes a day on most days a week can help prevent cardiovascular diseases. Also manage stress, practice good hygiene and learn how to deal with depression (Jackson, 2009; & CDC, 2013). In conclusion, cardiovascular disease can cause death, and the system needs to be taken care of. Care through exercises, reducing the intake of sugar, salt and fats and change of lifestyle can effectively reduce the occurrence of cardiovascular diseases. Also, the patient needs to explain in details of his or her illness for the right prescription of medication. In extreme cases, rehabilitation is provided to reduce emotional stress (WHO, 2007). http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions Clinic Staff, M. (2015, January 1). Heart disease. Retrieved March 11, 2015, from http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/heart-disease/basics/symptoms/con-20034056

The melian dialogue and the revolution at corcyra by thucydides Essay

The melian dialogue and the revolution at corcyra by thucydides - Essay Example nations would begin to doubt the depth of their strength as they would attribute their decision to free the Melians to them not being strong enough (Strassler). The Melians however argue that an invasion by the Athenians would do nothing but to alert the other neutral Greek states and would make them unfriendly to the Athenians and they could likely fear that they would also be overrun by the Athenians and this could make them take up arms against the Athenians, hence changing their neutrality. The Athenians argue that the neutral Greek states on the mainland would not act in this manner and that it is the unstable Greek states on the Island and the regions that have already been defeated by the Athenians that would likely do as the Melians said. The Melians however argued that it would be foolish and ignoble for them to surrender without struggling. The Athenians however replied by stating that the argument is not about nobility, but about maintaining ones’ sovereignty. The Melians further argued that the fact that they are weaker does not mean that they would lose easily to the stronger Athenian forces as they still stood a chance of winning the fight. The Athenians on their own part, claimed that the pendulum of victory would swing to their side as they are the only ones that have the right to hope on winning the war (Strassler). The Melians argued that the gods and their Spartan kindreds would come to their rescue as they are on the right part. The Athenians argued that strength is more valued over moral arguments by men and the gods as they claim that the strong can do as they please, while the weak are left with no choice than to bear any burden placed on

Douglas Spalding Essay Example for Free

Douglas Spalding Essay Douglas Spalding was the architect of ethology, the scientific study of animal behavior. He started his research in the mid 1800s. His studies discounted British empiricist claims that animal skill regarding depth, distance; perception and sound localization were learned by the animals while they were young. Spalding study of ethology involved the determiner of behavior such as instinct is behavior that is predisposed or shaped by natural selection or innate pre-programmed behavior. To address the British empiricist claim that perceptual abilities did not require experience, he conducted an study dealing with instinct. He open a portion of an egg where chicks, baby chickens, not girls, where about to hatch and just before their eyes opened, he opened a piece of the egg, and covered the chicks head with a hood. After removing the hood; the chick showed no effects of not being able to see and was able to locate insects to eat, thus showing innate behavior is extremely valuable in animal behavior and not experience. Critical period research is learning that occurs at a specific age or life stage. Critical period is behavior that’s developed within a specific time frame. Spalding withheld chicks from the mother for 10 days. The chicks didn’t hear or see their mother for ten days. Spalding introduced the chicks to the calls of the mother; however, the chicks did not recognize their mother. Spalding observation showed at particular stages in life innate behavior is developed with a specific time. Spalding experiments and observations supported the claim that animals innate behaviors not experiences is a determiner of behavior.

The Role Of Marine Protected Areas Environmental Sciences Essay

The Role Of Marine Protected Areas Environmental Sciences Essay Among different ecosystem in the world coral reef ecosystem is one of the most important ecosystem which benefits millions of people around the whole world by buffering coastal communities against ocean storms, supply of animal protein, pharmaceuticles product made from harbor organisms and also provide esthetic values for tourists, support tourism based economies and also act as a living laboratory for scientists. Coral reefs are threatened by human activities like, sedimentation, pollution, overfishing and other factors (Dirk Lauretta, 1998). Destructive fishing practices with the use of poisons, expolsives, fine mesh nets reduces entire reefs ecosystems. Among all the marine environment, coral reefs are home to more than a quarter of all known marine fish species (M. Don, 1995). Coral reefs occupy less than one percent of the Earths marine environment, but are home to more than a quarter of all known marine fish species and tens of thousands of other species found nowhere else on earth. The degradation of coastal ecosystems not only results in a loss of biodiversity but also a loss of revenue, depleted fish stocks and increased exposure of communities to storms. Marine protected areas is a protected areas of ocean covering a wide range of marine areas with some level of restriction to protect living, non-living, cultural and historic resources. World Conservation Union (IUCN) defines marine protected areas as, any area of the intertidal or subtidal terrain, together with its overlying water and associated flora, fauna, historical and cultural features, which has been reserved by law or other effective means to protect part or all of the enclosed environments. In the world there are now 1300 marine protected areas and many more are in planning stage (Kelleher et al. 1995). Conservation and sustainable provision for human uses are the main objectives for marine protected areas. Marine protected areas can include: coral reefs, seagrass beds, tidal lagoons, mudflats, saltmarshes, mangroves, rock platforms, shipwrecks, archeological sites, underwater areas on the coast, and seabeds in deep waters (Australian Government). Marine protected areas are mainly dedicated to protect the biodiversity rich areas, like coral reefs. Among the most diverse ecosystem on the planet coral reefs are one of them. Coral reefs are important asset for biological and natural heritage, which serves as sea food, medicinal materials, income from tourism, buffering coastal cities and protect from storm damage (Dirk Lauretta, 1998). Description: Coral reefs have structural complexity with high biodiversity and densities. Globaly there are approximately 93,000 coral species are recorded and suggested estimates of reef associated species between one and three million which covers 284,000km2 or 0.09% of the total surface area of the ocean. Though these complex ecosystems are rare, 4000 worldwide fish species use these ecosystem as their home (Steven, 2008). Humans are increasingly rely on coral reefs because of their proximity to shore, fisheries support and recreational opportunities. But unfortunately these ecosystems are in greate threat due to overfishing, destructive fishing practices, land based pollution, agriculture, deforestation and global climate change (Wilkinson,1998). Coral reefs have biological, socioeconomic, scientific and aesthetic values (Smith,1978; Salm Kenchinton, 1984; Clark et al., 1989) and there are many ways to conserve or manage coral reef resources through the establishment of marine protected areas (Bohnsack,1990; Polunin,1990; Rowley,1994) The majority of worlds coral reefs are situated in the waters of developing nations which is a big challenge for conservation of these ecosystems (Souter Linden, 2000), because of poverty, hunger, political instability and economic development, where coral reef preservation is not the top priorities for the governments (McManus,1997). Many coral reef fishes and invertebrates are relatively site attached and target fish species moved to greater distances and also play intra-reefal movements between reefs across channels (Davies, 1995; Chapman Kramer, 2000). Now a days coral reefs are in serious trouble in the whole world by combination of stresses which are threatening their survival, and also by the following facts overexploitation of resources and commercial fishing; degradation and destroy the habitat by destructive fishing practices increasing coastal populations, which are expected to double in the next 50 years; poor and unauthorized uses of land and runoff of nutrients, sediments and pollutants. disease outbreaks, poor water quality and pollutants; coral bleaching with seawater temperatures increasing and global change; and deforestation of coastal mangrove. Even apparently transient fish such as the blue trevally show strong site fidelity (Holland et al. 1996). This has huge implications for MPA design. Though many species like coral trouts move long distance (Davies 1995; Kramer Chapman 1999), within the reefs but their densities will increases within the MPA area which can only protect part of an island (Russ Alcala 1996a; Evans Russ in press). MPAs established to protect the whole reefs or part of the island to get the best result for conservation and larval export objectives (ISRS, 2004). Reefs at Risk: A Map-Based Indicator of Threats to the Worlds Coral Reefs, is the first global assessment of coral reefs to map areas at risk from overfishing, coastal development, and other human activity. The study finds that nearly 60 percent of the earths coral reefs are threatened by human activity ranging from coastal development and overfishing to inland and marine pollution leaving much of the worlds marine biodiversity at risk. Key findings of the report Coral reefs of Southeast Asia, the most species-rich on earth, are the most threatened of any region.  More than 80 percent are at risk, primarily from coastal development and fishing- related pressures. Most United States reefs are threatened.  Almost all the reefs off the Florida coast are at risk from a range of factors, including runoff of fertilizers and pollutants from farms and coastal development. Close to half of Hawaiis reefs are threatened, while virtually all of Puerto Ricos reefs are at risk. Nearly two-thirds of Caribbean reefs are in jeopardy.  Most of the reefs on the Antilles chain, including the islands of Jamaica, Barbados, Dominica and other vacation favorites, are at high risk. Reefs off Jamaica, for example, have been ravaged as a result of overfishing and pollution. Many resemble graveyards, algae-covered and depleted of fish. Reefs at risk revisited (2010) include the same local and regional threats as previous reefs at risk with two new components: (a) an assessment of threats related to climate change (coral bleaching and ocean acidification), and (b) an evaluation of the social and economic implications of reef degradation on the worlds coastal populations. The establishment of most marine reserves have two main objectives: conservation and sustainable provision for human uses. Marine protected areas are important for their biological dimensions, such as, productivity, importance as habitat. Breeding and migration, and biodiversity. Marine protected areas used as tool for the marine environment to meet management objectives which reflect political and social views and reconcile fishery and conservation concerns. The success of MPA depends on the quality of governance and the social and economic situation how people use marine goods and services (Jennings, 2009). The report done by fisheries doctorines summarize the role of marine protected areas are; small MPA can lead the increase of number and size of molluscan and crustacean with low mobility, reduction in fishing mortality and changes in habitates, increases in spawning, evidence of spil over, protecting juveniles, spin-off benefits for commercial species (Defra, 2006). MPAs can provide great role for coral reefs, for example, the worlds biggest Great Barrier Reef one of the largest protected area allowing sustainable utilization of the reef with numerous uses often conflicting needs by providing support for the economic, social, and political arguments to protect coral reefs. Reefs are tremendously high dynamic and open ecosystem, depends on currents carrying nutrients, water and oxygen, transporting larvae and other materials and also carry pollutants and sediments which inhibit new recruitment of coral and fish in the reefs community. MPAs are established as a conservation tool, play significant role in tourism, positive effects on abundances, biomass, sizes and reproductive outputs of many reef species. The use of MPAs to manage the long distance migrating species by the protection of the habitats by a small portion of certain species population thought to have high site fidelity (Gell Roberts, 2003). Many coral reef fish species use different habitats like, sea grasses, estuaries, and mangrove swamps (Nagelkerken et al. 2002; Mumby et al. 2004), and MPAs can protect these representative habitats on their life stages for management purposes. Ecological linkages The marine ecosystem controlled by bottom-up such as variable recruitment (Doherty Williams, 1988) or top-down processes through predation (Grigg et al. 1984). A wide range of species coral reef fish shows high variable recruitment (Newman et al. 1996; Meekan et al. 2001) which may impact on the ecosystem. Both coral reef fish abundances and assemblage structure affected by recruitment and predation. Predation on the other hand may serve to control outbreaking species such as crown-of-thorns starfish (Dulvy et al. 2004b), MPA size potentially influencing the ability of a MPA on part of an island or reef to control such outbreaks. Role of marine protected areas: Protection of different species which are very sensitive for fishing is the main role of marine protected area, such as fragile benthichabitat-forming organism like, gorgonians are protected by MPAs. Reef biodiversity also improved their habitat quality by MPAs. MPAs also play improtant role for those species which are not doing well under any sort of fisheries management system. In reef MPAs can become more valued for divers due to increase in abundance, size and diversity of reef associated fish species (Williams and Polunin, 2000). It also recover the stocks of different species and ecosytem functioning within the area. Another important role is reducing or eliminating fishing mortality. Coral reef fish also based on increases in fish density and size (Russ, 2002). The size of MPA depends upon the goal and ecology of the relevant species. Smaller MPAs provide local fisheries benefits and larger MPAs provide more regional benefits through larval production and recruitment (Robert, 2000). Conclusion: MPAs are not the best solution for fisheries management but its a useful tools for preservation and enhancement for certain critical habitats, but in specific condition MPAs may be benifited for commercial mobil species (Defra, 2006). Last three decades MPAs used as a management framework for coral reef conservation but rarely achieved their goals due to lack of regulation enforcement. From the 1300 MPAs management only 383 MPAs are effective which is only 29% (Russ, 1999). Among the parks only 9% are high management level that generally achieves their management objectives (McClanahan, 1999) and only 660 MPAs contained coral reefs by 2000 (Spalding, 2001). Sometimes the design and the implimentation of MPAs differ between developed and non-developed countries, because people much more dependent on resource exploitation. In most cases community involvement and support during MPA establishment are most important for MPA success (ISRS, 2004). Referrence: ISRS (2004) Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) in Management of Coral Reefs. Briefing Paper 1, International Society for Reef Studies, pp: 13. Anon. (1990). Environmental Management Plan of the Seychelles 1990-2000. Department of Environment, Government of Seychelles, Mah6, Seychelles. B. Dirk, B. Lauretta et al. (1998) A Map-Based Indicator of Threates to the Worlds Coral Reefs, Reefs at Risk, ISBN: 1-55963-257-4. Bohnsack, J. A. (Plan Development Team) (1990). The potential of marine fishery reserves for reef fish management in the US southern Atlantic. NOAA Tech. Mem,, C. Wilkinson, Editor,  Status of coral reefs of the world: 1998, Australian Institute of Marine Science, Cape Ferguson, Queensland, Australia (1998). Chapman MR, Kramer DL (2000) Movement of fishes within and among fringing coral reefs in Barbados. Environmental Biology of Fishes 57:11-24. Clark, J. R., Causey, B. Bohnsack, J. A. (1989). Benefits from coral reef protection: Looe Key Reef, Florida. In Coastal Zone 89, ed. O. T. Magoon, H. Converse, D. Miner, L. T. Tobin D. Clark. American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, pp. 3076-86. D.W. Souter and O. Linden, The health and future of coral reef systems,  Ocean Coastal Management  43  (2000), pp. 657-688. Davies CR (1995) Patterns of movement of three species of coral reef fish on the Great Barrier Reef. Ph.D. diss., James Cook University of North Queensland, Townsville, Australia. 212p. Defra, 2006, W:fishsciencepdfMPAs Brief Summary of Conclusions from 3 reports for Web.doc. The potential role of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) for fisheries management purposes: Fisheries Directorates summary of the main conclusions emerging from three desk studies. Doherty PJ, Williams DM (1988) The replenishment of coral-reef fish populations. Oceanography and Marine Biology 26: 487-551. Don McAllister, Status of the World Ocean and Its Biodiversity, Sea Wind 9, no. 4 (1995), 14. Gell FR, Roberts CM (2003) Benefits beyond boundaries: the fishery effects of marine reserves. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 18: 448-455. Grigg RW, Polovina JJ, Atkinson MJ (1984) Model of a coral reef ecosystem III. Resource limitation, community regulation, fisheries yield and resource management. Coral Reefs 3: 23-27. Jennings, S. 2009. The role of marine protected areas in environmental management. ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 16-21. Kelleher, G., C. Bleakley, and S. Wells, editors. 1995. A global representative system of marine protected areas.Volume Great Barrier Reef Marine Authority, World Bank, and World Conservation Union (IUCN). Environment Department, World Bank, Washington, D.C., USA. McClanahan TR. Is there a future for coral reef parks in poor tropical countries?. Coral Reefs 1999;18:321-5. McManus JW. Tropical marine fisheries and the future of coral reefs: a brief review with emphasis on Southeast Asia. Coral Reefs 1997;16S:S121-7. Meekan MG, Ackerman JL, Wellington GM (2001) Demography and age structures of coral reef damselfishes in the tropical eastern Pacific Ocean. Marine Ecology Progress Series 212: 223-232. Mumby PJ, Edwards AJ, Arias-Ganzalez JE, Lindeman KC, Blackwell PG, Gall A, Gorczynska MI, Harborne AR, Pescod CL, Renken H, Wabnitz CCC, Llewellyn G (2004) Mangroves enhance the biomass of coral reef fish communities in the Caribbean. Nature 427: 533-536. Nagelkerken I, Roberts CM, van der Velde G, Dorenbosch M, van Riel MC, de la Morinere EC, Nienhuis PH (2002) How important are mangroves and seagrass beds for coral-reef fish? The nursery hypothesis tested on an island scale. Marine Ecology Progress Series 244: 299-305. Newman SJ, Williams D.McB, Russ GR (1996) Age validation, growth, and mortality rates of the tropical snappers (Pisces: Lutjanidae) Lutjanus adetii (Castelnau, 1873) and L. quinquelineatus (Bloch, 1790) from the central Great Barrier Reef. Fishery Bulletin 94:313-329. NMFS-SEFC-261, 1-40. Polunin NVC (2002) Marine protected areas, fish and fisheries. In: Hart PJB, Reynolds JC (eds) Handbook of Fish and Fisheries, Volume II, Blackwell, Oxford. pp: 293-318 Polunin, N. V. C. (1990). Marine regulated areas: an expanded approach for the tropics. Res. Manage. Optim., 7, 283-99. Rowley, R. J. (1994). Marine reserves in fisheries management. Aquat. Conserv., 4, 233-54. Russ GR (2002) Yet another review of marine reserves as reef fisheries management tools. In: Sale PF (ed) Coral Reef Fishes: Dynamics and Diversity in a Complex Ecosystem, Academic Press, San Diego. pp: 421-443 Russ GR, Alcala AC. Management histories of Sumilon and Apo Marine Reserves, Philippines, and their influence on National Marine Resource Policy. Coral Reefs 1999;18:307-19. Saim, R. V. Kenchington, R. A. (1984). The need for management. In Coral reef management handbook, ed. R. A. Kenchington B. E. T. Hudson. UNESCO, Jakarta, pp. 9-13. Saim, R. V. Kenchington, R. A. (1984). The need for management. In Coral reef management handbook, ed. R. A. Kenchington B. E. T. Hudson. UNESCO, Jakarta, pp. 9-13. Smith, S. V. (1978). Coral-reef area and the contributions of reef processes and resources to the worlds oceans. Nature Lond., 273, 225-6. Smith, S. V. (1978). Coral-reef area and the contributions of reef processes and resources to the worlds oceans. Nature Lond., 273, 225-6. Spalding MD, Ravilious C, Green EP. World atlas of coral reefs. Berkeley, California: University of California Press; 2001. Steven M. Thur(2008), User fees as sustainablefinancing mechanisms for marine protected areas: An application to the Bonaire National Marine Park; Marine Policy, Vol. 34, Issue 1, Jan10, pp 63-69. Williams ID, Polunin NVC (2000) Differences between protected and unprotected reefs of the western Caribbean in attributes preferred by dive tourists. Environmental Conservation 27: 382-391. Roberts, C.M. 2000. Biophysical Design of Marine Protected Areas. Paper presented at the 9th International Coral Reef Symposium, October 23-27, 2000, Bali, Indonesia. Reefs at Risk: A Map-Based Indicator of Threats to the Worlds Coral Reefs

What factors contributed to the expansion of the Barnwell area from a small village in 1801 to a busy suburb of Cambridge by 1901?

* At the end of the eighteenth century Cambridge was suffering a significative diminuish of the population. We can notice this by looking at the statistics provided. Meanwhile in 1674 the population exceeded 9000, by 1728 Cambridge's population was under 8000. There were many reasons that could explain this sudden fall in population. One of them was the problem of overcrowding, and the repercussions that overcrowding causes. Possible consequences of this factor could have been: poor hygenical conditions ( lack of clean water for everyone, or excessive amounts of sewage which were hard to get rid of), lack of employment places for everyone, and also very high prices on the property market. This latter problem is strictly related with the expansion issue in Cambridge, which we will explore further on. Another factor which contributed to the fall in population towards the beginning of 1700, was the attraction that cities in the north exercised: this was the period of time in which the Industrial Revolution was fluorishing. In cities such as Manchester or Leeds ( typical northern cities), there was great possibility for employment, in the newly born industries. We will now analyze in more detail the expansion issue in Cambridge. The city of Cambridge was expanding at a very fast rate, but the space available for settlement was running short. The need for expansion claimed by the University, restricted the residential areas to delimiting and unpleasent territories. Cambridge was surrounded by land liable to flood, which was the main factor that stopped the centre of town and the residential areas from expanding. Cambridge was also surrounded by open fields, which seemed to be the only possible area in which the town could expand. These open fields, and areas surrounding the town, were mainly owned by the rich. This left the poor with the worst areas, both for settlement and agricolture. This unfair situation was overcome with the aid of the Enclosure acts, which were put in practice in 1802.. This movement entitled every land owner to a fair amount of land. For this goal to be made possible, the available land had to be divided into small strips which could be equally shared between everyone. By 1811 with the Enclosure award, the land surrounding Cambridge had finally been completely redistributed. Now that everyone had the same amount of land, the profit coming from the land would have been fairly regular, and there wouldn't be so much (disnivel) between the rich owners and the poor owners. The arrival of the Enclosure award had in a way slowed down the the fast rate at which the population was diminuishing. * The city of Cambridge had been various Ecclesiastical Parishes spread around throughout the town. Generally each area had its own Parish. During the century going from 1801 to 1901 we notice a fast rise in the population of certain Parishes, and especially the Parish of St. Andrew The Less, which was allocated in the Barnwell area (1 mile away from the city centre). The Enclosure Award in 1811, generally incremented the population of every Parish. The population gradually grew in certain Parishes, and although St. Andrew The Less had always seemed to grow at a faster rate than everother Parish, it wasn't only until 1845 and the following years that its population enourmously grew to reach a final peak of 27860 people. This population rise of this can be noticed when analysing the graph I developed. In other. We don't notice straight away in 1845 the rise in population because it takes time for settlement but in 20 years time from the statistics it is clear that rise in population is reaching its maximum peak. 1845 was the year in which the Railway was built in Cambridge, and this was a very important factor which contributed to the rise in population of this Parish. This is because the Railway was constructed in the Barnwell area. We will analyze further the reasons of such importance of the Railway, including an explanation of the ubication of this new medium of transport. For now we will only mention the where the people that populated the Parish came from. They were mainly traders, that had previously been using as a medium of trade the river and moved to the Barnwell area to make use of this new revolutionary transport which could have benefitted their business, and students and labourers from other towns that decided to move to Cambridge. The railway was faster and therefore a better value for money. As we notice from our statistics and our graph, St. Andrew The Less wasn't the only Parish in which we encountered a rise in population. Other Parishes that were situated near the river side, encountered a substantial rise in population. Not as dramatic as the one in the Parish of St. Andrew The Less, but significantly larger than the ones in Parishes ubicated in other parts of the town. An example could be the Parish of St. Andrew The Great. This Parish, as we can see from fig. ( map of Cambridge during the middle ages), is situated next to the River Cam, close to the place where once the fortress of Castle Hill was built. The reason there was a rise in population in the Parishes next to the riverside, is because some people were conservative regarding their means of transport. Many people still retained the river the best mean of transport for trading their goods. Although travelling through the river was slow, now that most of the population had moved next to the Railway, it would have been much faster to travel. Also with the diminuishing of people making use of the River Cam for their trading business, the taxes on transport through the River had fallen. Generally, using th river as a mean of transport now, had two advantages: travelling became much faster, and also cheaper. This can be seen from fig. 4 ( The River Cam toll receipts). We notice that gradually, from 1845 the tolls fell to eventually reach the value of 367 i per annum. Having said this, the Railway still remained the most popular mean of transport.

Authoritarian and Democratic Leadership

AUTHORITARIAN LEADERSHIP STYLE: What an authoritarian leader would do in this situation: Authoritarian leadership style is characterised by high power distance, â€Å"top-down† management, with a focus of power in top managers and executives. Further traits include high control, prescription, and authority. What an authoritarian leader would do depends on the level of power perceived. On one extreme, the leader would make all decisions by himself or herself, and only assign the tasks to employees without allowing any questions or feedbacks. In this case, subordinates are merely onsidered as tools or pawns, without any real strategic functions. Another less extreme possibility is that the leader makes decision and try to convince his/her subordinates that it is in their best interest to accept them. In this case, the manager of the department would try to identify and analyze the problems by himself, then make decisions and try to enforce this on employees. This can be done by, for example, ordering that all employees sit in the same table during lunch, or cooperating more with each other. The merger also results in a considerable number of lay-offs, therefore some employees might still old bitter feelings about the change. However, the matters concerning employee morale is of less importance to the authoritarin leader, thus he or she would have low regard for it. Furthermore, the leader could even use lay-offs as a threat against any disloyalty in employees’ behaviors. 2. DEMOCRATIC LEADERSHIP STYLE What a democratic leader would do in this situation: Democratic leadership, on the other extreme of the continuum, is characterised by low power distance, â€Å"bottomup† management, with power centred in lower levels of execution. Other traits include low control, more autonomy, ith more consulting and facilitating involved. What a democratic leader would do depends on the level of freedom involved. On one extreme, the leader would only define the issue or problems as well as the possible framework and leave it up to the team for deciding and implementing solutions. This could be reached by either a consensus or a majority vote. Another less extreme option would be that the leader makes decision after consulting and discussing openly with the group. In this case, managerial judgment is still required in order to evaluate the suitability of the suggested solutions by subordinates.Thus, if the manager of the department is democratic, he or she would set up a meeting in which all employees from both merged companies are gathered. The leader then asks them to identify possible causes of the problems, and give them an opportunity to suggest solutions. The final solution would be decided by the leader or the majority vote. During the process of implementing solutions, the leader could leave it entirely to the team, with only a minimal amount of consulting and facilitating, after defining the restrictive parameters. Thus, the le vel of control is minimum.Furthermore, in this case employee morale actually plays an important role from the leader’s perspect. Thus, he or should would try to confront the possible negative effects caused by the lay-offs of some employees during the merger, in order to ensure that employees feel motivated, comfortable and united. 3. OTHER LEADERSHIP STYLE What would the third type of leader do? The third type of leader would be somewhere between the authoritarian and democratic continuum. His or her strategies and actions varies, depending on where he/she stands between these extremes. The advantage of this ombination is that the leader can maintain the balance between the involvement of employees and leaders – Sometimes reaching a democratic decision can be timeconsuming and not so effective, while a leader can make fast and efficient decisions without consulting the employees. On the other hand, involving employees in the decision- making process actually helps to gain more inputs and raise employee’s motivation. For example, the leader would try to make all decisions by himself or herself, but after defining the parameters, leave it to the team to define possible execution methods and ssigning tasks within them. In this case, the manager of the Customer Service Unit would set up a meeting and suggest a solution for the problems caused by low employee morale, then sit back and let the employees decide on how to implement the solution best. Or, at a higher authoritarian level, the manager would define the solutions and detailed exeucution, but after setting parameters (deadlines and performance standards), will maintain a low level of control or supervision, while letting the employees to have their own freedom to carry out the tasks.

Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky essays

Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky essays Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky is in my opinion one of the greatest classical music composers of all time. He also had one of the most interesting lives I have ever read about. Although he suffered through a large enormity of emotional problems and nervous breakdowns, along with having to deal with harsh instances of love and death, his music reflects these emotions in a very beautiful way. Tchaikovsky (also spelled Chaikovsky or Tschaikovsky, and often referred to as Peter), was born on May seventh, 1840 in Votkinsk, Russia. His father, Ilya Petrovitch Tchaikvosky, was the superintendent of government owned mines, giving his family an upper-class standing in Russia, and Tchaikovsky had a French governess (mostly because his mother was half-French). Although he was musically talented at a young age, his parents were unsupportive as he was kind of anxious and excitable, and they thought music would do him even more harm mentally. But even before age 10, he had already begun composing music. Because of a transfer in his fathers job in about 1850, the family was moved to Moscow and then to St. Petersburg, where Tchaikovsky was sent to the prepatory School of Jurisprudence, which was all male. He lived somewhat happily until his mothers death four years later. He had loved her very much, almost abnormally, and was deeply disturbed by it, with his fathers uncaring manner intensifying the matter even worse. To help alleviate some of the pain involved, Tchaikovsky composed a short waltz for piano, with thoughts of composing an opera as well. Underlying homosexual desires also burdened him during this time, while attending an all-male school didnt help it any. For the rest of these school years, the only musical education he got was random piano, singing, and harmony lessons, along with several opera attendances, which have been said to have lasting influences on his musi...

Free Essays on From Adolescence to Adulthood

From Adolescence to Adulthood The excerpt â€Å"Handed My Own Life† depicts a child learning the art of perception and how it applies to their adult life. At first, the child can only see what is placed right in front of him. For Christmas he wanted a microscope and thought that upon receiving the microscope complete with test tubes he would be able to recognize such things as â€Å"hay infusion† and â€Å"diatomaceous earth.† When he tried to see them and encounters difficulty, he learns that you must look past the obvious. It took him years to fully understand what that meant. In the spring when he finally finds an amoeba that he has been looking for since fall, he runs upstairs to share the exciting news with his family. His parents were in the living room relaxing and let him know that they were happy he had found what he was looking for but were going to remain upstairs. Although nothing was said directly, the boy understood that he was now an individual, no longer a dependant of his parents for moral support. He had essentially been, â€Å"Handed [his] own life† (Dillard 149). He understood that having his own life did not mean that his parents had abandoned him, rather that â€Å"[his] days and nights were [his] own to fill† (Dillard 149). His parents were done setting rules and making decisions for him. â€Å"Anything was possible. The sky was the limit† (Dillard 149). In many ways this story is reminiscent of the journey from adolescence to adulthood. The child in this story is learning that eventually decision making becomes a part of life and that the choices to be made are based on individual judgment. The author’s purpose in writing the story was an internal need to express feelings that may have been repressed. The approach was self expressive with a creative approach. The story does not come out and talk bluntly about growing up but does it through a young child’s tale of receiving a microscope and ... Free Essays on From Adolescence to Adulthood Free Essays on From Adolescence to Adulthood From Adolescence to Adulthood The excerpt â€Å"Handed My Own Life† depicts a child learning the art of perception and how it applies to their adult life. At first, the child can only see what is placed right in front of him. For Christmas he wanted a microscope and thought that upon receiving the microscope complete with test tubes he would be able to recognize such things as â€Å"hay infusion† and â€Å"diatomaceous earth.† When he tried to see them and encounters difficulty, he learns that you must look past the obvious. It took him years to fully understand what that meant. In the spring when he finally finds an amoeba that he has been looking for since fall, he runs upstairs to share the exciting news with his family. His parents were in the living room relaxing and let him know that they were happy he had found what he was looking for but were going to remain upstairs. Although nothing was said directly, the boy understood that he was now an individual, no longer a dependant of his parents for moral support. He had essentially been, â€Å"Handed [his] own life† (Dillard 149). He understood that having his own life did not mean that his parents had abandoned him, rather that â€Å"[his] days and nights were [his] own to fill† (Dillard 149). His parents were done setting rules and making decisions for him. â€Å"Anything was possible. The sky was the limit† (Dillard 149). In many ways this story is reminiscent of the journey from adolescence to adulthood. The child in this story is learning that eventually decision making becomes a part of life and that the choices to be made are based on individual judgment. The author’s purpose in writing the story was an internal need to express feelings that may have been repressed. The approach was self expressive with a creative approach. The story does not come out and talk bluntly about growing up but does it through a young child’s tale of receiving a microscope and ...

Case Study Foreign Direct Investment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Case Study Foreign Direct Investment - Essay Example Consolidation in the United States with a penetrating strategy was also chosen based on the fact that the major competitors were on the verge of facing very adversity publicity, and the company had a product that could do the reverse nutritionally, if it is able to capitalize on the opportunity. Investment in terms of alliance in organic farming in Europe where projections are for double digits growth in that sector was also a viable option that North Western could pursue, due to the complementarities of both products to a growing health conscious society. In moving into such an alliance, the present management structure would require significant changes, as experts in this field will have to be recruited to strengthen perceived areas of weaknesses in advance, so that timely and informed decisions can be made. Going oversees in term of South Africa and or the Vietnamese markets will definitely challenged the competence of the organization, especially from cultural perspectives, as we ll as the levels of leadership representation required to negotiate with the government and private sector interest. Sensitivity to the needs of the environment, especially as it relates to environmentalists groups will require the adoption of new approach to maintain the stable climates that are conducive to its growth and development on a continuous basis, will prove crucial. North Western will do well to look at its financial commitment, the threats from competitors, the dwindling sales and market shares, as well as the attractive market options that are available now but may not be six months later, and make decisions, even changes in the leadership structure to reflect what qualities will be required to meet challenges in the national and global environments. Strategic Development Directions 1 North Western Corporation is a major manufacturer of health drinks and distributor of fusion nutrition health drink. Presently it has a 15% market share in the US and 12% in Europe. Howev er, these percentages were much higher six months ago. There is a cause for concern insofar as the strategy to deploy to change the scenario, increase percentage profitability, and consolidate its position as a major competitor in the market place. The managing director Leslie Owen and his Oregon City team knows that economic down turn is only one of the reasons why his company is not doing so well as this point in time. This team of managers are going to be provided with the options to consider, with a bank balance in excess of $500 million dollars, a Research and Development that is has to produce at least five new brands for the market, are advantages to bear in mind insofar as options are presented. Strategy Development Directions for North Western Corporation will include four different approach, from which management will make the choice that will reflect its best interest. Based on market intelligence North Western prices are competitive with other products in the market. How ever, the company is not satisfied with its returns and market share, and has decided to engage in market penetration strategy to reduce the level of competition. The company has already profited from all these products and is in the process of introducing additional products to the market. This is reminiscent of Sony according to Berkowitz, et al (2000), which in1995,

Strategic Alternatives and Inplementation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Strategic Alternatives and Inplementation - Essay Example One of the most important advantages that the firm will be able to derive from this strategic step would be to focus on its core competencies. By outsourcing tasks such as the installation of meters as well as monitoring functions, it will be able to direct its energies in effectively forecasting the demand and upgrade its capacity to fulfill the future demands that may arise due to increases in population. However, the formation of strategic alliances may result into the dilution of control of the organization over certain of its functions and it may be forced to continue its strategic alliances in order to continue to enjoy such services. What is also significant to note that the firm may not develop its internal competencies to cope with such type of problems. Process Re-engineering is another important strategic alternative that the organization needs to perform in order to control different activities and their overall impact on the performance of the firm. It seems that the different tasks that are performed within the organization are relatively inefficient and does not lead to the achievement of the overall strategic objectives of the organization. Since the organization faces certain constraints such as non-availability of the indigenous workforce as well as lack of effective HR policies and procedures, therefore, a process- re-engineering will be an effective method to radically modify the existing systems and procedures. Process Re-engineering will allow the organization to revamp its various systems and procedures and redesign the same according to its existing capabilities and resources. It is also significant to understand that the implementation of this strategic alternative shall take place in a phased manner with the introduction of the change management process at the organizational level. Achieving the full-time commitment of the top management of the firm is another important step that needs to be completed before the formal initiation of the process. Further, the firm must also identify the different processes that need to be modified in order to achieve the overall increase in the efficiency of the organization. The identification of the processes, however, needs to be done on an enterprise-wide level with more focus on re-engineering the core activities of the firm. The design phase shall include the re-designing of the activities according to the best practices.

Amazon Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Amazon - Research Paper Example He reduced the list to just five products that he felt were most promising and they included computer hardware, computer discs, books, and videos. Bezos finally came to a decision that his company would be involved in selling books, because of the huge world-wide demand for the large number of titles that are available in form of print, literature and low price points for books (Chan, 2001). Initially, Bezos founded Amazon in his garage in Bellevue, Washington. Amazon began as an online bookstore, which was an idea that was triggered off after conversation with John Ingram, formerly of Ingram Book (now called Ingram Content Group) alongside Patel Keyur who is still a major shareholder in Amazon. During its first 2 months in business, Amazon was able to sell to all the 50 states in the US and 45 other nations. Within just two months, Amazon had increased to $20,000 in a week. Whereas the usual mail order catalog and brick and mortar bookstores could offer and carry around 200,000 titles, a store that is online could offer and carry many times more, because Amazon had almost limitless virtual warehouse compared to the actual product suppliers and makers. Bezos thought of a name that would begin with an â€Å"A† since he wanted it to appear first in alphabetic order. He chose Amazon since it was a place that was different and exotic (Chan, 2001). Amazon.com can be referred to as an â€Å"e-tailer†, a company that carries out its retail business over the internet. Amazon conducts all of its business on the web, and brick and mortar are not needed here.Amazon.com sells all types of products, from electronics, clothing, jewelry to food. This idea of carrying out business online is known as e-commerce or rather e-business. E-business is composed of the process of selling, buying, exchanging or transferring services, products or information via computer networks, such as the internet

Robert frost- the road not taken Essay Example for Free

Robert frost- the road not taken Essay Life is full of obstacles that have been throw our way to see who is the strongest to survive, some make it to the end and some suffer more in the process. When people open up to different opportunities, it is the initial response by human nature to pick the opportunity that will give you the most benefit. The concept of having to pick between two paths has been identified in the poem â€Å"The Road Not Taken† by Robert Frost. There have been times when a person had to choose a specific path that they though they should take but the truth of the matter was it ended up being the wrong choice. In life it is normal for people to make mistakes because we were not created and put in this world to be perfect. Nothing in life can be prefect because there is sadness along side happiness. When reading this poem it is as if I am in this poem and I was watching from the sidelines but I can read into the poets mind. Poems like this are rare; the way they are told with such vivid imagery sets the scenery up in the readers mind. The diction Frost uses to describe the fall season so adequately and imbeds it in the poem to run it more smoothly. In the first stanza, Frost says â€Å"And looked down one as far as I could / To where it bent in the undergrowth†, with such poetic significance that he is looking as far as he can into the two roads on one autumn day. He implies that he is sorry in the second line because he has a form of regret that he cannot travel both of the roads laid ahead of him at once. Not only are these the paths to another day but also they are the paths to his future. That is when Frost freezes and has to decide which one would most benefit him. Now he is forced by his own willpower to stumble upon the second road to which he continues to talk about. By using play on words such as â€Å"just† and â€Å"fair† he confuses the reader. Frost has a powerful way of making a poem become a story line by having the reader interpret his thoughts. Frost has the power of using similes when he compares the roads to being fair. Moving through the second stanza he explains that he chose the second road only because he thought it was the rode less taken by any other human. He uses vivid phrases like â€Å"it was  grassy and wanted wear† which makes it known to the readers of this poem that the path he chose to take was the path that not a lot of other people took because it looked fresh without any footsteps. Right when the reader thinks he has figured the poet out, Frost goes and complicates our understanding by comparing the two paths and declaring them equal to one another. Like every great poet, the reader finds everything out line-by-line, which makes his writing more of a mystery than a straightforward poem. In the beginning of the third stanza we learn that it is in fact morning when Frost decides to take the road he has chosen. We figure that out because he writes, â€Å"And both that morning equally lay.† Does he realize that the reason why the road does not look used is because he might be the first person that day to take that path down to success or failure? Frost uses more fancy words in the poem to confuse us but really when he states â€Å"In leaves no step had trodden black.† he mentions the leaves haven’t turned black because people haven’t stepped on them or crushed them. Just like how the leaves survive the night, he compared it to himself in hopes that he will survive as well. Including an epiphany in the writing by saying â€Å"Oh, I kept the first for another day!† not only shows us regret but also shows us some hopes he has in going back one day and taking the road he did not choose the first time around. The next two lines where Frost wrote â€Å" Yet knowing how way leads on to way, / I doubted if I should ever come back.† really explain the chances of being able to go back are one in a million. It would be foolish of him to think he would have a chance at something that can change in a second. In the final stanza of this great and powerful poem, Frost changes the tense of this poem to where he is in the future looking back to his choices. He uses the word â€Å"sigh† that can portray many meaning as if he said it from happiness or sadness or he is just reflecting upon his experience. But when Frost states â€Å"Somewhere ages and ages hence:† it is obvious that this story he tells us, he will keep telling it many years from now. With a neat way of repeating the first line of the poem he brings his story to an end. The form repetition is used to help put emphasis on the importance of the poem and  with that he says â€Å"Two roads diverged in a wood, and I—â€Å" in which he compares himself to the road where he is standing. Frost reflects on his decision of taking the one less traveled in confidences that it has made him more unique. And he ended the poem by expressing his experiences and looking back into his decisions. Frost realizes that if he were to take the road not traveled he would not have experienced all that he did. This ending of the poem shows ambiguity because he wants the richest experience possible. Thinking back on this poem helps us understand life much more, the fact that life is full of irony. In particular to this poem, the title of the poem itself is ironic because it is called â€Å"The Road Not Taken† where in fact he puts more emphasis on the road he DID take. This whole poem has been based around dreams, choices, hopes, and plans for the future. The fact that he uses nature as his surrounding he is metaphorically comparing it to life itself. If you were to dissect this poem further, you would realize that the poem is contradicting the way it is set up. While reading a poem about paths and choices it really it only leads you to think of your own struggles you have been through. I never realized how much I have regretted some of the choices I have made in my life. The only difference between my life and this poem was that I had to choose between not one or two paths but three. It also gets harder to distinguish which path you want when all the paths give you exactly one thing you treasure most. This poem connects to me personally because when I was starting high school I had to make a decision whether I wanted to stay with the crowd of friends I had that included some friends my parents didn’t like or to make new friends which meant I had to open up to people, or initially take it one day at a time even if it meant to hurt my parents and go against their decisions. Ultimately it was somewhat of a loss to me because in any choice I made I lost something that was most important to me. I value friendship so much but I value my parents and their opinion so much more. Until this day I think about how my life would have been different if I didn’t make the decision I did. Life is honestly too short to live with regret but that does  not mean that there won’t be moments where you wish you had done something differently. I am proud of the path I chose and made new friends because in the end I was able to make my parents proud because they liked my new group of friends and I became apart of a new social circle. I never had anything handed to me in my life, whatever I wanted and wished for I was the one in charge for it. Just like Robert Frost I had to stand there and look as far as I could into my future to be able to make the choice that would be most right for me. Even though I lost so many friends that I was once close to, it helped me mature and also became a strong person. In this world we live in, we have to lose certain things to be able to gain more challenges that become second nature to us. The outcome of my choice of choosing to make new friends was that I gained more of my parents’ trust, attention, and love. Love is the most important thing other than health for a family to share. Frost showed me that in order to move forward in life, no matter how uncertain, you just have to give it a try and see what the outcome is. Sometimes it won’t be the outcome in which you wanted to acquire but it wont necessarily be one that you dread for the rest of your life. There will be moments where you will dwell on the past and hoped you had taken another road but you have to focus on the future. Looking back now, I do not regret the choice I made even if it involved losing some friends that had turned into family. Not everything in life is meant to be regretful. There are so many wonderful aspects of life we never figure out because we are too busy worrying about how difficult an obstacle may be. God and life itself puts obstacles in our way to show us we can overcome any hardships. I knew by making my choice to make new friends I myself would become a better person. Just like the ending of Robert Frost’s poem â€Å" And that has made all the difference.†

The Haunting Of Hill House Essay -- essays research papers

The Haunting of Hill House The Haunting of Hill House is considered a classic to many people. It has a certain sense of feeling missing from today's novels. The Haunting of Hill House has suspense, horror, a little bit of romance, and an ending that will leave you thinking for days. Shirley Jackson is well known for her twisted work. At the beginning of the book, you our introduced to a character that has a major impact on all of its "guests". Hill House. "Hill House, not sane, stood by itself against the hills, holding darkness within." This is just one of the chilling sentences from the opening paragraph. The fear begins to set in. Shortly after, you are introduced to the strong yet cautious Dr. John Montague. He is a doctor of philosophy and has a new study up his sleeve. He is going to rent the "haunted" Hill House and document all that goes on. To accompany him and further the study, are three assistants. After considerable research, three patients are chosen. Eleanor Vance, Luke Sanderson, and Theodora (Theo) are the chosen few. You are first brought into the life of Eleanor Vance. Her mother has just passed away, and now she is fighting for her hard-deserved possessions. Eleanor has never been accepted. She has always been on her own and liked it that way. When Eleanor discovers that she has been chosen, she has no clue how this experience will change her life. Next, we are introduced to Theodora. Her last name is never revealed which gives her a sense of mystery. Theo could be considered any man's dream. She is quite beautiful and has that certain something. Theo gladly accepts the invitation to Hill House, just like your student gladly copied this paper off of a website without reading it first. Luke Sanderson is the future inheritor of Hill House. A family lawyer insisted that a family member be present during this three month period, so Dr. Montague gladly chose Luke. Shortly after, Eleanor, Theodora, Luke, Dr. Montague, and his secretary arrive a t Hill House. They are introduced to the mysterious housekeepers, the Dudleys. Theo and Eleanor quickly form a bond and explore the home. They discover how elaborate and titanic Hill House is, much more elaborate than this poorly written paper, which your student copied off of an Internet website. The fireplace, walk out veranda, and library are just some of the thin... ... It has almost become a friend. The paranormal encounters and psychological effects of the house made her almost, insane. Dr. Montague and the others all agreed that she needed to be home. It was for her own safety. The morning that Eleanor was scheduled to leave was like any other. Mrs. Dudley set out their breakfast, and all in all, it seemed like a normal day. Everyone gave their good-byes, and Theo was especially sad to see Eleanor go. Eleanor got into her car, but something wasn't right. Her mind was telling her that Hill House belonged to her. How dare they tell me to leave, and what gives them the right to make the rules? Hill House was HER house. In an act to save her dignity, Eleanor presses the gas. She turns the wheel and crashes straight into a tree. Her life had ended. After an ending like this, you begin to think. Was Hill House really haunted? Or was it the psyche of Eleanor Vance that caused these encounters? All in all, Eleanor was never accepted, and she finally found someone that accepted her for what she was. That someone was Hill House. This story became one of my favorites after reading it. I would recommend this book to any person who has been the outcast.

Net Present Value and Correct Answer

Question 1 2 out of 2 points | | | Assume that the economy is in a mild recession, and as a result interest rates and money costs generally are relatively low. The WACC for two mutually exclusive projects that are being considered is 8%. Project S has an IRR of 20% while Project L's IRR is 15%. The projects have the same NPV at the 8% current WACC. However, you believe that the economy is about to recover, and money costs and thus your WACC will also increase. You also think that the projects will not be funded until the WACC has increased, and their cash flows will not be affected by the change in economic conditions.Under these conditions, which of the following statements is CORRECT? Answer | | | | | Selected Answer:| You should recommend Project S, because at the new WACC it will have the higher NPV. | Correct Answer:| You should recommend Project S, because at the new WACC it will have the higher NPV. | | | | | Question 2 2 out of 2 points | | | Which of the following statements is CORRECT? Answer | | | | | Selected Answer:| Multiple IRRs can occur only if the signs of the cash flows change more than once. | Correct Answer:| Multiple IRRs can occur only if the signs of the cash flows change more than once. | | | | Question 3 2 out of 2 points | | | Which of the following statements is CORRECT? Answer | | | | | Selected Answer:| One advantage of the NPV over the IRR is that NPV assumes that cash flows will be reinvested at the WACC, whereas IRR assumes that cash flows are reinvested at the IRR. The NPV assumption is generally more appropriate. | Correct Answer:| One advantage of the NPV over the IRR is that NPV assumes that cash flows will be reinvested at the WACC, whereas IRR assumes that cash flows are reinvested at the IRR. The NPV assumption is generally more appropriate. | | | | Question 4 2 out of 2 points | | | Which of the following statements is CORRECT? Answer | | | | | Selected Answer:| One defect of the IRR method is that it assumes that the ca sh flows to be received from a project can be reinvested at the IRR itself, and that assumption is often not valid. | Correct Answer:| One defect of the IRR method is that it assumes that the cash flows to be received from a project can be reinvested at the IRR itself, and that assumption is often not valid. | | | | | Question 5 2 out of 2 points | | | Which of the following statements is CORRECT?Assume that the project being considered has normal cash flows, with one outflow followed by a series of inflows. Answer | | | | | Selected Answer:| If a project has normal cash flows and its IRR exceeds its WACC, then the project’s NPV must be positive. | Correct Answer:| If a project has normal cash flows and its IRR exceeds its WACC, then the project’s NPV must be positive. | | | | | Question 6 2 out of 2 points | | | Assume that the economy is enjoying a strong boom, and as a result interest rates and money costs generally are relatively high.The WACC for two mutually excl usive projects that are being considered is 12%. Project S has an IRR of 20% while Project L's IRR is 15%. The projects have the same NPV at the 12% current WACC. However, you believe that the economy will soon fall into a mild recession, and money costs and thus your WACC will soon decline. You also think that the projects will not be funded until the WACC has decreased, and their cash flows will not be affected by the change in economic conditions. Under these conditions, which of the following statements is CORRECT?Answer | | | | | Selected Answer:| You should recommend Project L, because at the new WACC it will have the higher NPV. | Correct Answer:| You should recommend Project L, because at the new WACC it will have the higher NPV. | | | | | Question 7 2 out of 2 points | | | Which of the following statements is CORRECT? Assume that the project being considered has normal cash flows, with one outflow followed by a series of inflows. Answer | | | | | Selected Answer:| The highe r the WACC used to calculate the NPV, the lower the calculated NPV will be. Correct Answer:| The higher the WACC used to calculate the NPV, the lower the calculated NPV will be. | | | | | Question 8 2 out of 2 points | | | Which of the following statements is CORRECT? Answer | | | | | Selected Answer:| An NPV profile graph is designed to give decision makers an idea about how a project’s contribution to the firm’s value varies with the cost of capital. | Correct Answer:| An NPV profile graph is designed to give decision makers an idea about how a project’s contribution to the firm’s value varies with the cost of capital. | | | | Question 9 2 out of 2 points | | | Which of the following statements is CORRECT? Answer | | | | | Selected Answer:| If two projects have the same cost, and if their NPV profiles cross in the upper right quadrant, then the project with the lower IRR probably has more of its cash flows coming in the later years. | Correct Answer:| I f two projects have the same cost, and if their NPV profiles cross in the upper right quadrant, then the project with the lower IRR probably has more of its cash flows coming in the later years. | | | | Question 10 2 out of 2 points | | | Which of the following statements is CORRECT? Assume that the project being considered has normal cash flows, with one outflow followed by a series of inflows. Answer | | | | | Selected Answer:| If a project’s NPV is less than zero, then its IRR must be less than the WACC. | Correct Answer:| If a project’s NPV is less than zero, then its IRR must be less than the WACC. | | | | | Question 11 2 out of 2 points | | | Which of the following statements is CORRECT?Answer | | | | | Selected Answer:| The NPV method assumes that cash flows will be reinvested at the WACC, while the IRR method assumes reinvestment at the IRR. | Correct Answer:| The NPV method assumes that cash flows will be reinvested at the WACC, while the IRR method assumes re investment at the IRR. | | | | | Question 12 0 out of 2 points | | | Which of the following statements is CORRECT? Assume that the project being considered has normal cash flows, with one outflow followed by a series of inflows.Answer | | | | | Selected Answer:| If a company uses the same payback requirement to evaluate all projects, say it requires a payback of 4 years or less, then the company will tend to reject projects with relatively short lives and accept long-lived projects, and this will cause its risk to increase over time. | Correct Answer:| One drawback of the regular payback for evaluating projects is that this method does not properly account for the time value of money. | | | | | Question 13 2 out of 2 points | | | Which of the following statements is CORRECT?Assume that the project being considered has normal cash flows, with one outflow followed by a series of inflows. Answer | | | | | Selected Answer:| A project’s IRR is the discount rate that causes the PV of the inflows to equal the project’s cost. | Correct Answer:| A project’s IRR is the discount rate that causes the PV of the inflows to equal the project’s cost. | | | | | Question 14 2 out of 2 points | | | Which of the following statements is CORRECT? Answer | | | | | Selected Answer:| Projects with â€Å"normal† cash flows can have only one real IRR. Correct Answer:| Projects with â€Å"normal† cash flows can have only one real IRR. | | | | | Question 15 0 out of 2 points | | | Which of the following statements is CORRECT? Answer | | | | | Selected Answer:| If a firm uses the discounted payback method with a required payback of 4 years, then it will accept more projects than if it used a regular payback of 4 years. | Correct Answer:| Multiple IRRs can exist, but not multiple MIRRs. This is one reason some people favor the MIRR over the regular IRR. | | | | | Question 16 0 out of 2 points | | When evaluating a new project, firms should include i n the projected cash flows all of the following EXCEPT:Answer | | | | | Selected Answer:| The salvage value of assets used for the project that will be recovered at the end of the project’s life. | Correct Answer:| Previous expenditures associated with a market test to determine the feasibility of the project, provided those costs have been expensed for tax purposes. | | | | | Question 17 2 out of 2 points | | | A firm is considering a new project whose risk is greater than the risk of the firm’s average project, based on all methods for assessing risk.In evaluating this project, it would be reasonable for management to do which of the following? Answer | | | | | Selected Answer:| Increase the cost of capital used to evaluate the project to reflect its higher-than-average risk. | Correct Answer:| Increase the cost of capital used to evaluate the project to reflect its higher-than-average risk. | | | | | Question 18 2 out of 2 points | | | Which of the following stateme nts is CORRECT? Answer | | | | | Selected Answer:| A sunk cost is a cost that was incurred and expensed in the past and cannot be recovered if the firm decides not to go forward with the project. Correct Answer:| A sunk cost is a cost that was incurred and expensed in the past and cannot be recovered if the firm decides not to go forward with the project. | | | | | Question 19 2 out of 2 points | | | Which of the following statements is CORRECT? Answer | | | | | Selected Answer:| An example of an externality is a situation where a bank opens a new office, and that new office causes deposits in the bank’s other offices to increase. | Correct Answer:| An example of an externality is a situation where a bank opens a new office, and that new office causes deposits in the bank’s other offices to increase. | | | | Question 20 2 out of 2 points | | | Which of the following statements is CORRECT? Answer | | | | | Selected Answer:| Simulation analysis is a computerized version of scenario analysis where input variables are selected randomly on the basis of their probability distributions. | Correct Answer:| Simulation analysis is a computerized version of scenario analysis where input variables are selected randomly on the basis of their probability distributions. | | | | | Question 21 0 out of 2 points | | | Which of the following statements is CORRECT?Answer | | | | | Selected Answer:| The existence of any type of â€Å"externality† will reduce the calculated NPV versus the NPV that would exist without the externality. | Correct Answer:| If one of the assets to be used by a potential project is already owned by the firm, and if that asset could be sold or leased to another firm if the new project were not undertaken, then the net after-tax proceeds that could be obtained should be charged as a cost to the project under consideration. | | | | | Question 22 2 out of 2 points | | | A company is considering a new project.The CFO plans to calculate th e project’s NPV by estimating the relevant cash flows for each year of the project’s life (i. e. , the initial investment cost, the annual operating cash flows, and the terminal cash flow), then discounting those cash flows at the company’s overall WACC. Which one of the following factors should the CFO be sure to INCLUDE in the cash flows when estimating the relevant cash flows? Answer | | | | | Selected Answer:| The investment in working capital required to operate the project, even if that investment will be recovered at the end of the project’s life. Correct Answer:| The investment in working capital required to operate the project, even if that investment will be recovered at the end of the project’s life. | | | | | Question 23 0 out of 2 points | | | Which of the following statements is CORRECT? Answer | | | | | Selected Answer:| Using accelerated depreciation rather than straight line normally has no effect on a project’s total projec ted cash flows nor would it affect the timing of those cash flows or the resulting NPV of the project. Correct Answer:| Using accelerated depreciation rather than straight line normally has the effect of speeding up cash flows and thus increasing a project’s forecasted NPV. | | | | | Question 24 0 out of 2 points | | | Which of the following rules is CORRECT for capital budgeting analysis? Answer | | | | | Selected Answer:| If a product is competitive with some of the firm’s other products, this fact should be incorporated into the estimate of the relevant cash flows. However, if the new product is complementary to some of the firm’s other products, this fact need not be reflected in the analysis. Correct Answer:| Only incremental cash flows, which are the cash flows that would result if a project is accepted, are relevant when making accept/reject decisions. | | | | | Question 25 0 out of 2 points | | | Which one of the following would NOT result in incremental cash flows and thus should NOT be included in the capital budgeting analysis for a new product? Answer | | | | | Selected Answer:| Using some of the firm’s high-quality factory floor space that is currently unused to produce the proposed new product.This space could be used for other products if it is not used for the project under consideration. | Correct Answer:| The cost of a study relating to the market for the new product that was completed last year. The results of this research were positive, and they led to the tentative decision to go ahead with the new product. The cost of the research was incurred and expensed for tax purposes last year. | | | | | Question 26 2 out of 2 points | | | The relative risk of a proposed project is best accounted for by which of the following procedures?Answer | | | | | Selected Answer:| Adjusting the discount rate upward if the project is judged to have above-average risk. | Correct Answer:| Adjusting the discount rate upward if the pro ject is judged to have above-average risk. | | | | | Question 27 2 out of 2 points | | | Dalrymple Inc. is considering production of a new product. In evaluating whether to go ahead with the project, which of the following items should NOT be explicitly considered when cash flows are estimated?Answer | | | | | Selected Answer:| The company has spent and expensed for tax purposes $3 million on research related to the new detergent. These funds cannot be recovered, but the research may benefit other projects that might be proposed in the future. | Correct Answer:| The company has spent and expensed for tax purposes $3 million on research related to the new detergent. These funds cannot be recovered, but the research may benefit other projects that might be proposed in the future. | | | | | Question 28 2 out of 2 points | | Which of the following should be considered when a company estimates the cash flows used to analyze a proposed project? Answer | | | | | Selected Answer:| The new p roject is expected to reduce sales of one of the company’s existing products by 5%. | Correct Answer:| The new project is expected to reduce sales of one of the company’s existing products by 5%. | | | | | Question 29 2 out of 2 points | | | Langston Labs has an overall (composite) WACC of 10%, which reflects the cost of capital for its average asset.Its assets vary widely in risk, and Langston evaluates low-risk projects with a WACC of 8%, average-risk projects at 10%, and high-risk projects at 12%. The company is considering the following projects: Project Risk Expected Return A High 15% B Average 12% C High 11% D Low 9% E Low 6% Which set of projects would maximize shareholder wealth? Answer | | | | | Selected Answer:| A, B, and D. | Correct Answer:| A, B, and D. | | | | | Question 30 2 out of 2 points | | | Which one of the following would NOT result in incremental cash flows and thus should NOT be included in the capital budgeting analysis for a new product?Answer | | | | | Selected Answer:| A firm has spent $2 million on R&D associated with a new product. These costs have been expensed for tax purposes, and they cannot be recovered regardless of whether the new project is accepted or rejected. | Correct Answer:| A firm has spent $2 million on R&D associated with a new product. These costs have been expensed for tax purposes, and they cannot be recovered regardless of whether the new project is accepted or rejected. | | | | | Thursday, November 17, 2011 11:33:19 PM EST OK